Ku gicamunsi cy'izuba ryinshi mu mpeshyi ya 2022, nahagaze mu gikoni cyanjye gikoreshwa mu kugenzura ikirere, ndeba sisitemu yanjye isukura amazi kugeza ku 99.9% by'amazi meza. Numvise nsa n'umuntu ugezweho cyane, hafi nk'uwishimye. Hanyuma nibuka inkuru nyogokuru yambwiye: nkuriye mu cyaro cy'Ubushinwa, umuryango we wuzuzaga amazi y'imigezi mu nkono z'ibumba, ugashyiramo amakara n'ibishishwa by'amafi byasenyutse, hanyuma ukareka bikarangirira mu ijoro ryose. Mu gitondo, byari bigeze aho binyobwa.

Icyo gihe byarantangaje: ntabwo twavumbuye icyifuzo cyo gushaka amazi meza. Twayahinduye inganda gusa. Mu myaka ibihumbi n'ibihumbi, abantu bagiye basukura amazi, bakoresheje uburyo bwari bugezweho mu gihe cyabo. Kandi mu buryo bumwe, ubwo buryo bwa kera buracyafite amasomo ku gihe cyacu gifite ikoranabuhanga rihanitse.

Akayunguruzo k'amazi ka mbere: amakara n'umucanga

Uburyo bwa kera bwo gusukura amazi bwari buzwi cyane, bwari bwiza kandi butangaje. Ntabwo bwasabaga amashanyarazi, ntibutangaga imyanda, kandi bwakoreshaga ibikoresho byoroshye kongeramo amazi.

Amakara: Akayunguruzo ka Karuboni k'umwimerere

Amakara, akorwa no gutwika inkwi ahantu hatari umwuka mwinshi wa ogisijeni, amaze nibura imyaka 4.000 akoreshwa mu gusukura amazi. Abahinde ba kera n'Abanyamisiri babonye ko kubika amazi mu nkono z'ibiti byahiye byatumye arushaho kuba mashya igihe kirekire.

Ntibasobanukiwe siyansi, ariko babonye ingaruka. Muri iki gihe tuzi ko karubone ikora ihumanya ibintu binyuze mu buryo bwitwa adsorption physique, aho molekile zifata ku buso bunini kandi bufite imyenge bwa karubone. Garama imwe ya karubone ikora igezweho ifite ubuso burenga metero kare 3.000. Nubwo amakara ya kera atatunganyijwe cyane, yakoreraga ku ihame rimwe.

Icyo batari bazi: Ntibari bazi ibya bagiteri, virusi, cyangwa imiti yashongeshejwe. Bari bazi gusa ko amazi abitswe n'amakara aryoha neza kandi adapfa kwangirika vuba. Bari barimo gukuraho impumuro nziza no kunoza uburyohe, nk'uko ibyuma byacu bya karuboni bibikora muri iki gihe.

Umucanga n'amabuye: Akayunguruzo k'umwimerere k'ibitaka

Ibishushanyo mbonera bya Misiri byo mu 1500 mbere ya Yesu bigaragaza ko amazi yayungururwaga mu mucanga no mu mabuye. Abaroma bubatse ibibaya binini byo guturamo, bakoresheje umucanga n'amabuye kugira ngo bakureho imyanda mbere y'uko amazi yinjira mu miyoboro yabo y'amazi. Mu Buhinde, Sushruta Samhita, inyandiko y'ubuvuzi yo mu kinyejana cya 6 mbere ya Yesu, yavugaga ku mazi abira no kuyayungurura mu mucanga no mu makara.

Icyo batari bazi: Kuyungurura umucanga bikora binyuze mu gufata imitego no gukora ibikorwa by’ibinyabuzima. Urusenda rw’umucanga rukora ku binyampeke by’umucanga mu by’ukuri rusya imyanda imwe n’imwe y’umwimerere. Ruracyakoreshwa mu gutunganya amazi yo mu mujyi kugeza n’ubu.

Impinduramatwara Ishyushye

Kubira amazi byari bimaze nibura imyaka 5.000 bikorwa, ariko isi ya kera ntiyari isobanukiwe na mikorobe. Babiraga amazi kugira ngo "yoroshye" cyangwa kugira ngo bakureho "ibisebo bibi," atari ukugira ngo bica indwara.

Mu 1854 ni bwo umuganga w’Umwongereza witwaga John Snow yavuze ko amazi yanduye ari yo ntandaro y’icyorezo cya kolera i Londres. Ibyo yavumbuye byabaye ikintu gikomeye mu buzima rusange. Guteka byari bifite intego isobanutse neza kandi ya siyansi: kwica bagiteri.

Ariko guteka bifite aho bigarukira. Nta kintu na kimwe bikuraho: nta myunyungugu, nta byuma biremereye, nta n'ibintu byanduza ibinyabutabire. Ni ifarashi ikoresha amayeri make. Ba sogokuruza bacu barinzwe indwara zandura, ariko bari baginywa amazi yashoboraga kuzuramo arsenic, lisansi, cyangwa amazi y'ubuhinzi. Ntabwo bari babizi.

Abahanga mu bya shimi n'ibuye ry'abahanga mu bya filozofiya

Hagati y’igwa rya Roma n’igihe cya Renaissance, abahanga mu by’ubutabire b’i Burayi bagerageje gutunganya amazi nk’igice cy’ubushakashatsi bwabo ku “buye ry’umuhanga mu bya filozofiya” n’ “umuti w’ubuzima.” Batobotse amazi, bakonjesha umwuka, kandi bakora ibikoresho bisa cyane n’ibikoresho bigezweho byo koza amazi.

Gushyushya amazi kugira ngo ahinduke umwuka no kuyahindura amazi bikuraho hafi ya byose—imyunyu ngugu, imiti, bagiteri. Abagereki ba kera bari bazi gushyushya amazi, ariko abahanga mu by'ubutabire bw'Abarabu ni bo bayasukuye. Mu kinyejana cya 8, Jabir ibn Hayyan yavuze uburyo bwo gushyushya amazi mu mibavu n'imiti, avuga ko amazi yashyushye yari meza cyane.

Ariko gusya byagendaga buhoro, bisaba ingufu nyinshi, kandi ntibyari ingirakamaro ku ngo. Byakomeje kuba ikintu gishimishije muri laboratwari mu gihe cy'ibinyejana byinshi.

Ubuvumbuzi Bukomeye: Ubuzima bwa Mikorosikopi

Ikinyejana cya 17 cyazanye mikorosikopi, hamwe na yo, hagaragaye ihishurirwa rikomeye. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, umuhanga mu bya siyansi w’Umuholandi, yarebye amazi y’imvura akoresheje indorerwamo ze zo mu rugo maze abona isi yuzuyemo ibiremwa bito. Ntiyari azi ko ari bagiteri, ariko yari azi ko ari bizima.

Ubu buvumbuzi bwahinduye ikiganiro: amazi ntiyari ikintu gusa; yari ahantu ho gutura. Igitekerezo cy'uko kunywa amazi bishobora kuba intandaro y'indwara cyari kigikomeje kuvugwaho rumwe—inyigisho y'imiti ku ndwara ntiyigeze yemerwa cyane kugeza mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19—ariko urwikekwe rwaratewe.

Igihe cya none: Kuyungurura bihinduka inganda

Ikinyejana cya 19 cyari igihe cyo gutunganya amazi mu nganda. Londres yubatse filter nini z'umucanga. Paris yongereyeho imiti igabanya ubushyuhe (imiti mu duce tw'ibice). Uruganda rwa mbere ku isi rukora chlorine mu mazi rwatangiye gukora mu 1908 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.

Ivumburwa ry’impanuka: Kubyaza umusaruro chlorine byari hafi ku bw’impanuka. Byari bizwi ko chlorine yica bagiteri, ariko nta muntu wari wabigerageje ku rugero runini. Mu 1908, ikigo gishinzwe amazi cyo muri New Jersey, cyifuje kurwanya icyorezo cya tifoyide, cyatangiye kongeramo bleach mu mazi. Byaragenze neza. Mu 1920, chlorine yari ikwirakwiriye hose, kandi indwara ziterwa n’amazi zaragabanutse cyane.

Ariko chlorine yazanye ikiguzi. Iyi miti yica bagiteri yanakoze imiti yica udukoko (DBPs), harimo na trihalomethanes (THMs), bikekwa ko ari byo bitera kanseri. Muri iki gihe, gutunganya amazi mu migi bigereranya gukenera imiti yica udukoko ugereranije n'ingaruka za DBPs. Ni ubucuruzi buhoraho.

Ikinyuranyo cy'Iterambere

Dore icyo mbona gitangaje: uburyo abakurambere bacu bakoreshaga, nubwo bwari bworoshye, bwakemuye ibibazo byinshi duhura na byo muri iki gihe.

Ntabwo twahinduye cyane uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo. Twahinduye ibikoresho mu buryo bunoze, bworoshye kandi bwikora.

Uburyo bwa kera bwagenze neza (Rimwe na rimwe twibagirwa)

1. Ubwenge bwo kwitegereza: Imiryango ya kera ntiyari ifite ibikoresho bya siyansi, ariko yitaye cyane ku biva mu bushakashatsi. Uburyo bwabo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge ni bwo “amazi aryoshye ntabwo adutera kurwara”. Rimwe na rimwe dutakaza ubwo bwenge. Twizera cyane icyuma cyacu cya TDS, ndetse n’iyo ibyumviro byacu bitubwira ko hari ikintu kidakora neza.

2. Uburyo bworoshye no gusana: Inkono z'ibumba zashoboraga gusimburwa. Amakara yashoboraga gukusanywa. Umucanga washoboraga kozwa. Sisitemu za kera zo gusukura amazi zari iz'aho, zishobora gusanwa, kandi ntizasabaga ibice byihariye. Twahinduye uburyo bwo gusana kugira ngo byorohereze, amaherezo tujya dukoresha sisitemu zijugunywa iyo igice cya $10 cyananiwe.

3. Imyanda ntayo: Ibyavuye mu gutunganya kera byari ibisigazwa by’amazi (byashoboraga gukoreshwa nk’ifumbire) n’amakara yakoreshejwe (byashoboraga gutwikirwa cyangwa guhingwamo ifumbire). Sisitemu zigezweho za RO zikora utumashini twa filteri tw’amazi mabi n’utw’ipulasitiki dukomeza gukoreshwa mu myanda mu gihe cy’ibinyejana byinshi.

4. Akamaro ko kwihangana: Uburyo bwa kera bwafataga igihe. Amazi yaraye aratuje. Kuyungurura umucanga byari inzira igenda buhoro. Guteka byasabaga lisansi. Twanonosoye uburyo bwo kwihuta, rimwe na rimwe tudafite ubushobozi bwo gukora neza.

Ibyo twize (ibyo batashoboraga kumenya)

1. Isi itagaragara: Bagiteri, virusi, ibyuma biremereye, VOC, PFAS, imiti. Iyi myanda ntiboneka ku maso. Amazi ya kera nayo yari ayifite, ariko isi ya kera ntiyari ibizi. Siyansi yacu iduha ishusho yuzuye.

2. Ubutabire bw'amazi: Dusobanukiwe pH, ubukana, alkalinity, n'imikoranire iri hagati y'amabuye y'agaciro n'ibintu bihumanya. Dushobora kwibasira ibibazo byihariye dukoresheje ikoranabuhanga runaka.

3. Igipimo cy'umwanda: Imyanda yo mu nganda, amazi aturuka mu buhinzi, na za microplastic ntibyari bihari mu bihe bya kera. Amazi yacu yanduye mu buryo umuntu atashoboraga kwiyumvisha mu myaka 200 ishize. Dukeneye ibikoresho bigezweho twakoze.

4. Akamaro ko gupima: Uburyo bwa kera bwari ugutekereza. Dushobora gupima amazi yacu, tukamenya neza ibirimo, hanyuma tugahitamo igisubizo gikwiye.

Ihuriro: Guha icyubahiro icya kera, kwakira igishya

Sinteganya kureka gahunda yawe ya RO ukajya mu nkono y'ibumba. Gusukura amazi muri iki gihe birakiza ubuzima. Ariko ndatekereza ko hari icyo twakwigira ku bwenge bwa kera.

Witondere ibyumviro byawe. Niba amazi aryoshye nabi, aba ashaka kukubwira ikintu runaka. Ntukabirengagize.

Oroshya igihe bishoboka. Niba amazi yo mu gace utuyemo ari meza kandi akeneye kunoza uburyohe, akayunguruzo koroheje ka karuboni karahagije. Ntabwo ukeneye sisitemu y'ibice cumi na bine.

Tekereza ku gihe cyo gukora no gusana. Hitamo sisitemu zifite ibice bisanzwe kandi bishobora gusimburwa. Irinde amakaritishi yihariye agufungira mu nganda imwe.

Gabanya imyanda. Ongera ukoreshe ibyuma byawe niba bishoboka. Shyira ifumbire mu ifumbire ya karuboni wakoresheje. Igikorwa cyose gito kigabanya umutwaro ku myanda ijugunywa.

Ihangane. Kuyungurura bifata igihe. Ntugasunike sisitemu yawe kurenza ubushobozi bwayo.

Umuhango wo mu gitondo

Buri gitondo ubu, nsuka ikirahuri cy'amazi mu buryo bwanjye bwa RO. Ni umuhango muto: ikirahuri gisukuye, amazi akonje, umwanya wo gushimira. Ntekereza ku rugendo amazi yanyuzemo—anyuze mu mazi ya kera, mu nganda zitunganya amazi zo mu mujyi, no mu buryo bwanjye bwite. Ntekereza ku bantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni, mu myaka ibihumbi n'ibihumbi, bashatse ikintu kimwe: amazi meza yo kunywa.

Ikoranabuhanga ryarahindutse. Icyifuzo nticyahindutse.

Inkono y'ibumba ya nyogokuru yanyigishije ikintu umuryango wanjye w'abashinzwe umutekano utashoboraga gukora: amazi meza ni uburenganzira bwa muntu, ni ikintu umuntu akeneye, kandi ni ikintu umuntu yagezeho. Tumaze imyaka ibarirwa mu bihumbi tubikora. Kandi turacyakora.