Twemeza buri kimwe cyose tugusaba. Iyo uguze ukoresheje amahuza yacu, dushobora kubona komisiyo. Menya byinshi>
Tim Heffernan ni umwanditsi ukurikirana ikoranabuhanga ry’ingufu zishingiye ku mwuka n’amazi n’ingufu zirambye. Akunda kugerageza ibikoresho bisukura akoresheje umwotsi w’ibihushi bya Flare.
Twongeyeho kandi amahitamo meza, Cyclopure Purefast, icyuma gikoreshwa n'Ubwongereza gifite icyemezo cya NSF/ANSI cyo kugabanya PFAS.
Niba ushaka uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona amazi yo kunywa ayunguruye mu rugo, turakugira inama yo gukoresha Brita Elite Water Filter, ndetse na Brita Standard Everyday 10-Cup Pitcher cyangwa (niba ukoresha amazi menshi mu rugo rwawe) Brita Standard 27-Cup Capacity Pitcher cyangwa Brita Ultramax Water Dispenser. Ariko mbere yo guhitamo kimwe muri ibyo, menya ko nyuma y'imyaka hafi icumi dukoresha amazi yo mu rugo, twizera ko filters z'amazi zikoreshwa munsi y'amazi cyangwa munsi y'umuyoboro ari zo mahitamo meza. Zimara igihe kirekire, zitanga amazi meza vuba, zigabanya umwanda, ntizishobora kuziba, kandi bifata iminota mike gusa kuziba.
Iyi moderi ifite ibyangombwa birenga 30 bya ANSI/NSF, kurusha filter iyo ari yo yose mu bwoko bwayo, kandi yagenewe igihe cy'amezi atandatu yo kuyisimbura. Ariko kimwe n'izindi filters zose, ishobora kuziba.
Ifuru ya Brita ifite imiterere itandukanye ni yo ikoreshwa cyane mu gupima ifuru ya filter, kandi yoroshye kuyikoresha no kuyibika isuku kurusha izindi mashini nyinshi za Brita.
Imashini igabanya amazi ya Brita ifite imbaraga zihagije zo guhaza ibyifuzo by'amazi bya buri munsi by'umuryango munini, kandi robine yayo idapfa amazi yagenewe koroshya abana kuyikoresha.
Ikigega cyo mu rugo cya LifeStraw cyageragejwe cyane kugira ngo gikureho ibintu byinshi byanduye, harimo n'ibikomoka kuri lisansi, kandi ikigega cyacyo kirwanya cyane kuziba kurusha ikindi kigega cyose twagerageje.
Ibikoresho byo kuyungurura Dexsorb, byageragejwe hakurikijwe amabwiriza ya NSF/ANSI, bifata neza ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibinyabutabire bihoraho (PFAS), harimo PFOA na PFOS.
Iyi moderi ifite ibyangombwa birenga 30 bya ANSI/NSF, kurusha filter iyo ari yo yose mu bwoko bwayo, kandi yagenewe igihe cy'amezi atandatu yo kuyisimbura. Ariko kimwe n'izindi filters zose, ishobora kuziba.
Akayunguruzo gakomeye ka Brita ni Brita Elite. Ni ANSI/NSF yemewe kandi ikuraho imyanda myinshi kurusha akandi kayunguruzo k’amazi gakoreshwa n’imbaraga rukuruzi twagerageje; ibi binyabutabire birimo lead, mercure, cadmium, PFOA, na PFOS, ndetse n’ubwoko bwinshi bw’imyanda ikomoka mu nganda n’amazi ya robine irimo kuba “imyanda igaragara.” Imara galoni 120, cyangwa amezi atandatu, ni ukuvuga inshuro eshatu z’igihe cy’ubuzima cy’izindi filters nyinshi. Mu gihe kirekire, ibyo bituma Elite ihenda cyane kurusha akayunguruzo gasanzwe k’amezi abiri. Ariko, imyanda iri mu mazi ishobora kuyafunga mbere y’uko amezi atandatu ashira. Niba uzi ko amazi yawe ya robine ari meza ariko ukaba ushaka ko aryoha neza (cyane cyane niba ahumura nka chlorine), akayunguruzo gasanzwe ka Brita n’akayunguruzo gatanga amazi gahenze kandi ntigashobora kuziba, ariko ntabwo byemewe ko karimo lead cyangwa ibindi binyabutabire bikomoka mu nganda.
Ifuru ya Brita ifite imiterere itandukanye ni yo ikoreshwa cyane mu gupima ifuru ya filter, kandi yoroshye kuyikoresha no kuyibika isuku kurusha izindi mashini nyinshi za Brita.
Mu macupa menshi ya Brita, dukunda cyane ni Brita Standard Everyday 10-Cup Pitcher. Imiterere yayo idapfa iratuma byoroha kuyisukura kurusha andi macupa ya Brita, kandi uburyo bwo guhindura igikumwe n'ukuboko kumwe butuma kongera kuyisukura byoroha. Umushumi wayo ugonze ufite ishusho ya C nawo uroroshye kurusha imishumi ifite ishusho ya D iboneka ku macupa menshi ya Brita.
Imashini igabanya amazi ya Brita ifite imbaraga zihagije zo guhaza ibyifuzo by'amazi bya buri munsi by'umuryango munini, kandi robine yayo idapfa amazi yagenewe koroshya abana kuyikoresha.
Imashini igabanya amazi ya Brita Ultramax ifata ibikombe bigera kuri 27 by'amazi (ibikombe 18 mu kigega cy'amazi n'ibindi bikombe 9 kugeza kuri 10 mu kigega cyo hejuru cyuzuyemo amazi). Imiterere yayo mito igabanya umwanya muri firigo, kandi robine irafunga nyuma yo gusukwa kugira ngo idasesekara. Ni uburyo bworoshye bwo guhora ufite amazi menshi akonje kandi yayunguruwe.
Ikigega cyo mu rugo cya LifeStraw cyageragejwe cyane kugira ngo gikureho ibintu byinshi byanduye, harimo n'ibikomoka kuri lisansi, kandi ikigega cyacyo kirwanya cyane kuziba kurusha ikindi kigega cyose twagerageje.
Twakoresheje LifeStraw Home Water Dispenser kugira ngo tuyungurure litiro 2.5 z'amazi yanduye ingese nyinshi, kandi nubwo umuvuduko wagabanutse gato ugana ku iherezo, ntiyigeze ihagarika kuyungurura. Iki gicuruzwa ni cyo twahisemo cyane ku muntu wese wahuye n'ibibazo byo kuyungurura amazi mu yandi mayungurura amazi, harimo na Brita Elite, cyangwa ushaka umuti w'amazi yanduye cyangwa yanduye. LifeStraw ifite kandi ibyemezo bine bya ANSI/NSF (chlorine, uburyohe n'impumuro, lisansi, na mercure) kandi yageragejwe ku giti cye na laboratwari yemewe kugira ngo yuzuze amabwiriza atandukanye yo gusukura ANSI/NSF.
Ibikoresho byo kuyungurura Dexsorb, byageragejwe hakurikijwe amabwiriza ya NSF/ANSI, bifata neza ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibinyabutabire bihoraho (PFAS), harimo PFOA na PFOS.
Akayunguruzo ka Cyclopure ka Purefast gakoresha Dexsorb, ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bikoreshwa n’inganda zimwe na zimwe mu gutunganya amazi kugira ngo zikureho imiti idakira (PFAS) mu mazi rusange. Gakorana n’akantu kacu ko gucukura n’agakoresho ko gucukura amazi ka Brita. Gafite amanota ya litiro 65, kayungurura vuba mu bizamini byacu, kandi ntigatinda cyane uko igihe kigenda gihita, nubwo kimwe n’akayunguruzo kose gatangwa n’imbaraga z’uburemere, gashobora kuziba iyo amazi yawe arimo imyanda myinshi. Akayunguruzo kandi kaza mu ibahasha yishyuwe mbere; ohereza akayunguruzo kawe kakoreshejwe kuri Cyclopure, maze ikigo kizagakoresha mu buryo bwangiza PFAS iyo ari yo yose gifata kugira ngo kidasubira mu bidukikije. Brita ubwayo ntisaba akayunguruzo k’abandi bantu, ariko bitewe n’uko akayunguruzo ka Purefast n’ibikoresho bya Dexsorb byombi byemewe na NSF/ANSI kugira ngo bigabanya PFAS, twabagira inama twizeye. Menya ko gafata gusa PFAS na chlorine. Niba ufite ibindi bibazo, hitamo Brita Elite;
Kuva mu 2016 maze igihe ngerageza filters z'amazi kuri Wirecutter. Ku bw'iyi raporo, nagiranye ibiganiro birebire na NSF n'Ishyirahamwe ry'Ubuziranenge bw'Amazi, ibigo bibiri binini bitanga proof of water filters muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, kugira ngo numve uburyo bakoresha mu gupima. Naganiriye n'abahagarariye inganda nyinshi zikora filters z'amazi kugira ngo nemeze ibyo bavuga. Nakoresheje filters nyinshi z'amazi mu myaka yashize kuko muri rusange, uburyo bworoshye bwo kuzikoresha, uburyo bworoshye bwo kuzikoresha, ndetse no kuzikoresha byoroshye ni ingenzi ku kintu gikoreshwa inshuro nyinshi ku munsi.
Uwahoze ari umuhanga mu by’ubumenyi bw’ikirere n’inyanja (NOAA) John Holecek yakoze ubushakashatsi anandika verisiyo ya mbere y’iyi nyandiko, akora isuzuma rye bwite, anashyiraho andi mabwiriza ku giti cye.
Iyi mfashanyigisho ni iy'abashaka akayunguruzo k'amazi gakozwe mu buryo bwa kettle (akaba gafata amazi mu robine akayabika muri firigo).
Ubwiza bw'ikigega cy'amazi gishyushya ni uko cyoroshye gukoresha. Ucyuzuza amazi ya robine hanyuma ugategereza ko ikigega gikora. Muri rusange birahendutse: amafiriti asimbura (asanzwe agomba gusimburwa buri mezi abiri) asanzwe agura munsi y'amadolari 15.
Zifite ibibazo bike. Zigira ingaruka nziza ku bintu bike bihumanya ugereranyije n’ibindi biyungurura amazi biri munsi y’amazi cyangwa biri munsi y’amazi kuko zikoresha imbaraga zikurura ubujyakuzimu aho gukoresha amazi, bityo zigakenera akayunguruzo gake.
Gukoresha imbaraga zikabije bivuze ko ibyuma biyungurura amazi bigenda buhoro: kuzuza amazi ava mu kigega cyo hejuru bifata hagati y'iminota 5 na 15 kugira ngo binyure muri firigo, kandi akenshi bisaba kongeramo amazi menshi kugira ngo ubone inkongoro yuzuye y'amazi meza.
Utwuma tw’amacupa dukunze kuzura imyanda ituruka ku mazi ya robine cyangwa ndetse n’uduheri duto tw’umwuka twibasira robine hanyuma tugafatwa.
Kubera izo mpamvu, turakugira inama yo gushyira akayunguruzo munsi y'igikoni cyangwa kuri robine niba bishoboka.
Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, amazi rusange agenzurwa n'Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA) hakurikijwe Itegeko ry'amazi meza yo kunywa, kandi amazi ava mu nganda zitunganya amazi rusange agomba kuba yujuje ibisabwa byose by'ubuziranenge. Ariko, si ibintu byose bishobora kwanduza amazi bigenzurwa.
Byongeye kandi, imyanda ishobora kwinjira nyuma y’uko amazi avuye mu nganda zitunganya amazi anyuze mu miyoboro itemba cyangwa (mu gihe hari icyuma cy’ubutare) binyuze mu kuva mu miyoboro ubwayo. Gusukura amazi ku nganda (cyangwa kutabikora) bishobora no gutuma amazi atemba mu miyoboro iri munsi y’amazi arushaho kuba mabi, nk’uko byagenze i Flint, muri Michigan.
Kugira ngo umenye icyo umutanga serivisi asize, ushobora gusanga raporo y’ibanga ry’abaguzi (EPA Consumer Consumer Report) y’umutanga serivisi wo mu gace utuyemo kuri interineti. Bitabaye ibyo, abatanga serivisi z’amazi rusange bose basabwa gutanga CCR iyo babisabye.
Ariko kubera ko bishobora kwanduza amazi mu mazi yo mu rugo rwawe, uburyo bwonyine bwo kumenya neza ibiri mu mazi yo mu rugo rwawe ni ukubipima. Laboratwari yo mu gace utuyemo ishobora kubipima, cyangwa ushobora gukoresha agakoresho ko gupima amazi yo mu rugo. Twasuzumye 11 muri byo kandi twashimishijwe na SimpleLab's Tap Score, yoroshye gukoresha kandi itanga raporo yuzuye kandi isobanutse y'ibintu byanduye, niba bihari, biri mu mazi yo mu rugo rwawe.
Isuzumabumenyi ry’ubuziranenge bw’amazi yo mu mujyi rya SimpleLab Tap Score ritanga isesengura ryimbitse ry’amazi yawe yo kunywa n’ibisubizo byoroshye gusoma.
Kugira ngo tumenye neza ko ibyuma biyungurura amazi dutanga ari ibyizerwa, duhora dushimangira ko amahitamo yacu yujuje ibipimo ngenderwaho: icyemezo cya ANSI/NSF. Ikigo cy’Ubuziranenge cya Amerika (ANSI) n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubumenyi (NSF) ni imiryango yigenga, idaharanira inyungu ikorana n’Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije, abakora, n’izindi mpuguke kugira ngo bateze imbere amahame meza y’ubuziranenge ku bicuruzwa ibihumbi, harimo n’ibyuma biyungurura amazi, n’uburyo bwo kubipima.
Imashini ziyungurura amazi zujuje ibisabwa gusa nyuma yo kurenza igihe ziteganijwe cyo gukora akazi no gukoresha ingero "zipima" zanduye cyane kurusha amazi menshi yo mu robine.
Hari laboratwari ebyiri z’ingenzi zemeza ko amazi asukura: imwe ni NSF Labs indi ni Water Quality Association (WQA). Imiryango yombi yemewe byuzuye na ANSI n’Inama y’Ubuziranenge ya Kanada muri Amerika ya Ruguru kugira ngo ikore ikizamini cya ANSI/NSF.
Ariko nyuma y'imyaka myinshi y'impaka z'imbere mu gihugu, ubu twemera ikirego cyagutse "cyageragejwe hakurikijwe amahame ya ANSI/NSF," kitaremezwa ku mugaragaro, ariko kigomba kuba cyujuje ibisabwa bimwe na bimwe: icya mbere, ikizamini gikorwa na laboratwari yigenga idakorerwa n'uruganda rukora ibyuma biyungurura; icya kabiri, laboratwari ubwayo ni ANSI cyangwa yemejwe n'indi miryango yo mu gihugu cyangwa itari iya leta gukora ikizamini gikomeye hakurikijwe amahame yashyizweho; icya gatatu, laboratwari ipima, ibisubizo byayo, n'uburyo ikoresha bitangazwa n'uruganda. Icya kane, uruganda rufite amateka maremare yo gukora ibyuma biyungurura. Inyandiko zagaragaye ko zitekanye, zizewe kandi ari iz'ukuri nk'uko byasobanuwe.
Twakomeje kugabanya ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ibyuma biyungurura byemewe cyangwa bingana nibura n'ibipimo bibiri by'ingenzi bya ANSI/NSF (Standard 42 na Standard 53, bitwikira chlorine n'ibindi bintu bihumanya ikirere, ndetse n'ibyuma biremereye nka lisansi n'ibinyabutabire nk'imiti yica udukoko). Standard 401 nshya ikubiyemo "ibintu bihumanya ikirere" nk'imiti igenda igaragara cyane mu mazi ya Amerika, kandi twita cyane ku mashini ziyungurura zifite iri tandukaniro.
Twatangiye tureba utumashini dutanga amazi tw’ibikombe 10 kugeza kuri 11, ndetse n’utumashini dutanga amazi tw’ubunini cyane cyane dukwiriye ingo zikoresha amazi menshi. (Amasosiyete menshi atanga kandi utumashini duto ku bantu badakeneye utumashini dutanga amazi tw’ubunini.)
Hanyuma twagereranije imiterere y’igishushanyo (harimo imiterere y’aho ukorera n’uburyo bworoshye bwo kuyishyiraho), uburyo bworoshye bwo kuyishyiraho no kuyihinduramo akayunguruzo, umwanya umucunga n’icyuma gitanga ibikoresho bikoresha muri firigo, n’ingano y’ikigega cyo hejuru cyuzuza ugereranije n’ikigereranyo cy’ikigega cyo hasi “cyuzuyemo akayunguruzo” (uko igipimo kiri hejuru, ni ko byiza, kuko uzabona amazi menshi ayunguruwe igihe cyose ukoresha robine).
Mu 2016, twakoze ibizamini byinshi mu byuma bitandukanye kugira ngo tugereranye ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwacu n’ibyatanzwe n’abakora ANSI/NSF ndetse n’ibivugwa n’ababikora. John Holecek yapimye igipimo cyo gukuraho chlorine muri buri cyuma muri laboratwari ye. Ku mahitamo abiri ya mbere, twashyizeho laboratwari yigenga yo gupima gukuraho icyuma gikoresheje ibisubizo bifite urwego rwo hejuru cyane rw’ubwandu bw’icyuma gikoreshwa muri iyo porogaramu yo kwemeza.
Umwanzuro nyamukuru twafashe mu isuzuma ryacu ni uko icyemezo cya ANSI/NSF cyangwa icyemezo kingana nacyo ari igipimo cyizewe cyo gupima imikorere ya filter. Ibi ntibitangaje bitewe n'imiterere ikomeye y'amahame agenga proof. Kuva icyo gihe, twishingikirije ku cyemezo cya ANSI/NSF cyangwa icyemezo kingana nacyo kugira ngo tumenye imikorere ya filter runaka.
Isuzuma ryacu rikurikiraho ryibanda ku buryo bwo gukoresha ibintu mu buryo bufatika, ndetse n'imiterere n'intege nke bigaragarira gusa nyuma yo gukoresha ibyo bicuruzwa igihe kirekire.
Iyi moderi ifite ibyangombwa birenga 30 bya ANSI/NSF, kurusha filter iyo ari yo yose mu bwoko bwayo, kandi yagenewe igihe cy'amezi atandatu yo kuyisimbura. Ariko kimwe n'izindi filters zose, ishobora kuziba.
Akayunguruzo k'amazi ka Brita Elite (kahoze ari Longlast+) gafite icyemezo cya ANSI/NSF cyo gukuraho imyanda irenga 30 (PDF), harimo icyuma cy'ubutare, mercure, microplastics, asbestos, na PFAS ebyiri zisanzwe: aside perfluorooctanoic (PFOA) na aside octane sulfonicated (PFOS). Ibyo bituma kaba akayunguruzo k'amazi kemejwe cyane twagerageje, kandi ni kamwe mu tuyunguruzo dutanga ku bashaka amahoro yo mu mutima.
Yemejwe ko ikuraho ibindi bintu byinshi bisanzwe bihumanya. Ibi bintu birimo chlorine (yongewe mu mazi kugira ngo igabanye bagiteri n'izindi ndwara zitera indwara, ari nayo mpamvu nyamukuru ituma amazi ahinduka "uburyohe bubi", ibintu bihindagurika bishobora kwangiza umwijima, hamwe n'ubwoko "bugaragara" buri kwiyongera; ibintu nka bisphenol A (BPA), DEET (umuti usanzwe wica udukoko), na estrone, ubwoko bwa sitrogen bukozwe mu buryo bwa siporo, birimo kugaragara.
Nubwo amacupa menshi afite amacupa y'amazi agomba gusimburwa buri galoni 40 cyangwa amezi abiri, akayunguruzo k'amazi ka Elite kamara galoni 120 cyangwa amezi atandatu. Mu by'ukuri, bivuze ko ukeneye gukoresha amacupa y'amazi abiri ya Elite ku mwaka aho gukoresha atandatu gusa - bigatuma imyanda igabanuka kandi bikagabanya ikiguzi cyo gusimbuza ku kigero cya 50%.
Ku ifiriti ikoresha icyuma gipima amazi, ikora vuba cyane. Mu bizamini byacu, kuzuza icyuma gishya cya Elite byatwaye iminota 5-7 gusa. Ifiriti zingana twagerageje zigera igihe kirekire - akenshi iminota 10 cyangwa irenga.
Ariko hari ikibazo. Kimwe n'amafiriti hafi ya yose, Elite ikunze kuziba, bishobora kugabanya umuvuduko wayo cyangwa se bikayihagarika, bivuze ko ugomba kuyisimbuza kenshi. Abakoresha benshi binubiye iki kibazo, kandi mu igerageza ryacu, Elite yatangiye kugabanya umuvuduko mbere yuko igera kuri litiro 120. Niba ufite ikibazo cy'amazi ya robine yawe (akenshi ni ikimenyetso cy'imiyoboro yangiritse), ushobora kuba uhura n'iki kibazo.
Kandi ushobora kuba udakeneye uburinzi bwose bwa Elite. Niba wizeye ko amazi yawe yo muri robine ari meza (ushobora kuyamenya ukoresheje isuzuma ryo mu rugo), turakugira inama yo kuvugurura ukoresheje icukura ry’amazi rya Brita risanzwe. Rifite ibyangombwa bitanu gusa bya ANSI/NSF (PDF), birimo chlorine (ariko ntabwo ari lisansi, organic, cyangwa imyanda igaragara), ibyo bikaba bike cyane ugereranije na Elite. Ariko ni icukura rihendutse kandi ritaziba rishobora kunoza uburyohe bw’amazi yawe.
Biroroshye kugorana iyo ushyizeho filter ya Brita. Mbere na mbere, filter yasaga n'aho yinjiriye mu mwanya wayo neza bihagije. Ariko mu by'ukuri bisaba imbaraga nyinshi kugira ngo uyinjizemo yose. Iyo udasunikiye hasi, amazi adasukuye ashobora kuva mu mpande z'filter iyo wujuje ikigega cyo hejuru, bivuze ko amazi yawe "yayunguruwe" atazavamo koko. Amwe mu ma filter twaguze mu igerageza rya 2023 na yo yagombaga gushyirwa ku buryo umwanya muremure uri ku ruhande rumwe rw'filter uzajya unyura hejuru y'urukuta ruhuye mu ducupa twa Brita. (Amandi macupa, harimo n'icupa ryacu ryiza cyane ry'amazi rikoresha ibikombe 10 bya buri munsi, nta mirongo ifite, bituma ushobora gushyira filter mu buryo ubwo aribwo bwose.)