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Tim Heffernan ni umwanditsi uvuga ku bibazo by’ubuziranenge bw’ikirere n’amazi ndetse n’ikoranabuhanga rirambye ry’ingufu. Kugira ngo agerageze abasukura, ahitamo gukoresha icyuma gihuza ibyuma cya Flare.
Igitaramo cya Amazon Prime Day Ukwakira kirageze! Dore ibitekerezo by'ingirakamaro byose bya Wirecutter.
Twongeyeho kandi amahitamo meza, Cyclopure Purefast, icyuma gikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya Brita cyemewe na NSF/ANSI kugira ngo gigabanyirizwe PFAS.
Niba ushaka uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona amazi asukuye mu rugo, turakugira inama yo gukoresha Brita Elite Filter hamwe n'icupa rya Brita Standard Daily rikoresha ibikombe 10 cyangwa (niba urugo rwawe rukoresha amazi menshi) icupa rya Brita rikoresha ibikombe 27. Ultramax. Ariko mbere yo guhitamo kimwe muri byo, menya ko nyuma y'imyaka hafi icumi y'ubushakashatsi ku kuyungurura amazi mu rugo, twizera ko kuyungurura amazi munsi y'amazi cyangwa munsi y'umuyoboro ari byo byiza. Bimara igihe kirekire, bitanga amazi meza vuba, bigabanya umwanda, ntibikunze kuziba, kandi bifata iminota mike gusa kugira ngo bishyirwemo.
Iyi moderi ifite ibyemezo birenga 30 bya ANSI/NSF—biruta ibyo mu yungurura byose mu bwoko bwayo—kandi yagenewe kumara amezi atandatu hagati y’ibindi bisimbura. Ariko, kimwe n’ibindi biyungurura byose, ishobora kuziba.
Kettle ya Brita ifite agaciro gakomeye igaragaza icyiciro cy’akayunguruzo kandi biroroshye kuyikoresha no kuyibika isuku kurusha izindi modeli nyinshi za Brita.
Imashini isohora amazi ya Brita ifata amazi ahagije ku munsi ku muryango munini, kandi robine yayo idatoboka yoroshye ku bana kuyikoresha.
Imashini igabanya amazi yo mu rugo ya LifeStraw irageragezwa neza kugira ngo ikuremo ibintu byinshi byanduye, harimo n'icyuma cy'ubutare, kandi akayunguruzo kayo ntigakunda kuziba kurusha indi mashini iyo ari yo yose twagerageje.
Ibikoresho byo kuyungurura Dexsorb bipimwa hakurikijwe amabwiriza ya NSF/ANSI kandi bigafata neza ubwoko bwinshi bw'imiti ihoraho (PFAS), harimo PFOA na PFOS.
Iyi moderi ifite ibyemezo birenga 30 bya ANSI/NSF—biruta ibyo mu yungurura byose mu bwoko bwayo—kandi yagenewe kumara amezi atandatu hagati y’ibindi bisimbura. Ariko, kimwe n’ibindi biyungurura byose, ishobora kuziba.
Akayunguruzo ka Brita gakora neza cyane ni akayunguruzo ka Brita Elite. Ni akayunguruzo kemewe na ANSI/NSF kandi gasukura ibintu byinshi bihumanya kurusha akandi kayunguruzo gakoreshwa n’imbaraga rukuruzi twagerageje; harimo icyuma cy’ubutare, mercure, cadmium, PFOA na PFOS, ndetse n’ibindi bintu byinshi biva mu nganda bikunze kuboneka mu mazi ya robine. Hari "imyanda mishya". Imara litiro 120 cyangwa amezi atandatu, ni ukuvuga inshuro eshatu z’ubuzima bw’izindi filters nyinshi. Mu gihe kirekire, ibi bishobora gutuma akayunguruzo ka Elite gahendutse kurusha akayunguruzo gasanzwe k’amezi abiri. Ariko, mbere y’uko amezi atandatu ashira, imyanda iri mu mazi ishobora kuyafunga. Niba uzi ko amazi ya robine yawe ari meza ariko ukaba ushaka ko aryoha neza, cyane cyane niba ahumura nka chlorine, akayunguruzo gasanzwe k’amazi ka Brita n’agace gatanga amazi kagura make kandi ntabwo gashobora kuziba, ariko ntabwo kemejwe.
Kettle ya Brita ifite agaciro gakomeye igaragaza icyiciro cy’akayunguruzo kandi biroroshye kuyikoresha no kuyibika isuku kurusha izindi modeli nyinshi za Brita.
Mu macupa menshi y'amazi ya Brita, icyo dukunda cyane ni Brita Standard Everyday Water Bottle 10 Cup. Imiterere yayo idacikagurika ituma isuku yoroha kurusha andi macupa ya Brita, kandi umupfundikizo w'ikiganza kimwe woroshya kuzuza. Umupfundikizo wayo umeze nk'inyuguti ya C uroroshye cyane kurusha umupfundikizo ufite ishusho ya D uboneka ku macupa menshi ya Brita.
Imashini isohora amazi ya Brita ifata amazi ahagije ku munsi ku muryango munini, kandi robine yayo idatoboka yoroshye ku bana kuyikoresha.
Imashini isohora amazi ya Brita Ultramax ifata ibikombe bigera kuri 27 by'amazi (ibikombe 18 mu kigega cy'amazi n'ibindi bikombe 9 cyangwa 10 mu kigega cyo hejuru). Imiterere yayo yoroheje igabanya umwanya muri firigo, kandi robine ihita ifunga nyuma yo gusukwa kugira ngo idasesekara. Ubu ni uburyo bworoshye bwo guhorana amazi akonje ahagije.
Imashini igabanya amazi yo mu rugo ya LifeStraw irageragezwa neza kugira ngo ikuremo ibintu byinshi byanduye, harimo n'icyuma cy'ubutare, kandi akayunguruzo kayo ntigakunda kuziba kurusha indi mashini iyo ari yo yose twagerageje.
Twakoresheje litiro 2.5 z'amazi yanduye ingese nyinshi mu cyuma gitanga amazi cya LifeStraw, kandi nubwo amazi yagabanutse gato mu mpera, kuyungurura ntibyigeze bihagarara. Ku bantu bahuye n'ibibazo byo kuziba mu zindi mashini ziyungurura amazi (harimo na Brita Elite twahisemo cyane) cyangwa bashaka umuti w'amazi yanduye cyangwa yanduye, iyi mashini ni yo twahisemo. LifeStraw ifite kandi ibyemezo bine bya ANSI/NSF (chlorine, uburyohe n'impumuro, lisansi na mercure) kandi yapimwe ku giti cyayo na laboratwari yemewe kugira ngo yuzuze ibindi bipimo byinshi byo gukuraho ubwandu bya ANSI/NSF.
Ibikoresho byo kuyungurura Dexsorb bipimwa hakurikijwe amabwiriza ya NSF/ANSI kandi bigafata neza ubwoko bwinshi bw'imiti ihoraho (PFAS), harimo PFOA na PFOS.
Utwuma twa Cyclopure Purefast dukoresha ibikoresho bimwe bya Dexsorb bikoreshwa mu nganda zimwe na zimwe zitunganya amazi yanduye kugira ngo dukure burundu imiti (PFAS) mu mazi rusange. Bikwiranye n'uducupa twacu twa Brita twasabwe. Bifite amanota ya litiro 65 n'utwuma twihuta mu bizamini byacu kandi ntibigabanya umuvuduko mu buryo bugaragara uko igihe kigenda, nubwo kimwe n'utwuma twose tw'uburemere, iyo hari imyanda myinshi mu mazi ishobora kuziba. Utwuma twiza kandi dufite paki yishyuwe mbere; ohereza twuma twakoreshejwe kuri Cyclopure maze ikigo kizayitunganya kugira ngo isenye PFAS iyo ari yo yose yafashwe kugira ngo itazongera kwinjira mu bidukikije. Brita ubwayo ntiyemera ikoreshwa rya twuma twa gatatu, ariko bitewe nuko twuma twa Purefast n'utwuma twa Dexsorb byombi byemewe na NSF/ANSI kugira ngo bigabanya PFAS, twizeye kubikora. Menya ko bifata gusa PFAS na chlorine. Niba uhangayikishijwe n'ibindi bintu, tekereza kuri Brita Elite;
Kuva mu 2016 maze igihe ngerageza filters z'amazi za Wirecutter. Muri raporo yanjye, naganiriye birambuye na NSF n'Ikigo cy'Ubuziranenge bw'Amazi, ibigo bibiri bikomeye byemeza filters muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, kugira ngo numve uburyo isuzuma ryabo rikorwa. Naganiriye n'abahagarariye inganda nyinshi zikora filters z'amazi kugira ngo mpunge ibyo bavuga. Nakoresheje filters nyinshi n'amacupa mu myaka yashize kuko muri rusange kuramba, koroshya no gukoresha ikiguzi cyo kubungabunga, ndetse no korohereza abakoresha byose ni ingenzi cyane ku kintu ukoresha inshuro nyinshi ku munsi.
Uwahoze ari umuhanga mu bya siyansi ya NOAA, John Holecek, yakoze ubushakashatsi anandika verisiyo ya mbere y’iyi nyandiko, akora isuzuma rye bwite, anashyiraho andi masuzuma yigenga.
Iyi mfashanyigisho ni iy'abashaka akayunguruzo k'amazi gakozwe mu buryo bwa pitcher kuzuza amazi yabo yo mu robine kandi kakabikwa muri firigo yabo.
Akamaro k'akayunguruzo k'amazi ni uko koroshye gukoresha. Icyo ugomba gukora ni ukubyuzuza ukoresheje amazi hanyuma utegereze ko akayunguruzo gakora. Nanone kandi, kaba gahendutse kugura, aho akayunguruzo gasimbura (akenshi gakenerwa buri mezi abiri) gasanzwe kagura munsi y'amadolari 15.
Bifite ingaruka mbi nyinshi. Bishobora gukuraho neza ubwoko buke bw'imyanda ugereranyije n'ibindi byuma biyungurura munsi y'amazi cyangwa munsi y'umuyoboro kuko byishingikiriza ku mbaraga z'uburemere aho gukoresha imbaraga z'amazi, bigasaba akayunguruzo gake.
Kwishingikiriza ku mbaraga z'ubutaka bivuze ko ibyuma biyungurura amazi bigenda buhoro: kuzura amazi rimwe gusa mu kigega cyo hejuru bishobora gufata iminota 5 kugeza kuri 15 kugira ngo binyure muri firigo, kandi akenshi bisaba kongeramo amazi menshi kugira ngo amazi meza aboneke.
Utwuma tw’ibigega dukunze kuziba bitewe n’imyanda iri mu mazi ya robine cyangwa ndetse n’uduheri duto tw’umwuka duturuka mu byuma bitanga umwuka muri robine.
Kubera izo mpamvu, turakugira inama yo gushyira akayunguruzo munsi y'igikoni cyangwa kuri robine mu gihe bibaye ngombwa.
Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, amazi rusange agenzurwa n'Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA) hakurikijwe Itegeko ry'amazi meza yo kunywa, kandi amazi ava mu nganda zitunganya amazi rusange agomba kuba yujuje ibisabwa byose by'ubuziranenge. Ariko, si ko imyanda yose ishobora kwanduza amazi igenzurwa.
Byongeye kandi, imyanda ishobora kwinjira nyuma y’uko amazi avuye mu ruganda anyuze mu miyoboro iva cyangwa (mu gihe hari icyuma cy’ubutare) binyuze mu gusohoka mu miyoboro ubwayo. Gusukura amazi bikorwa cyangwa birengagijwe ku ruganda bishobora kurushaho kugabanya gusohoka mu miyoboro iri munsi y’uruzi, nk’uko byagenze i Flint, muri Michigan.
Kugira ngo umenye neza ibiri mu mazi y'umutanga serivisi, ubusanzwe ushobora gushakisha kuri interineti Raporo y'Ibanga ry'Abaguzi (CCR) yemewe n'umutanga serivisi wo mu gace utuyemo. Bitabaye ibyo, abatanga serivisi z'amazi rusange bose basabwa kuguha CCR zabo igihe babisabye.
Ariko kubera ko hari ubwandu bushobora kwanduza amazi yo mu rugo rwawe, uburyo bwonyine bwo kumenya ibiri mu mazi yo mu rugo rwawe ni ukubigerageza. Laboratwari yawe y’ubuziranenge bw’amazi irashobora kubikora, cyangwa ushobora gukoresha agakoresho ko gupima amazi yo mu rugo. Twarebye 11 muri byo mu gitabo cyacu maze dutangazwa na SimpleLab's Tap Score, yoroshye gukoresha kandi itanga raporo irambuye kandi yanditse neza y’ibintu byanduye biri mu mazi yo mu rugo rwawe, niba bihari.
Isuzumabumenyi ry’amazi rya SimpleLab Tap Score rigezweho ritanga isesengura ryimbitse ry’amazi yawe yo kunywa kandi rigatanga ibisubizo byoroshye gusoma.
Kugira ngo tumenye neza ko dutanga inama ku biyungurura ushobora kwizera gusa, twakomeje gushimangira ko ibyo twahisemo byujuje ibipimo ngenderwaho bya zahabu: icyemezo cya ANSI/NSF. Ikigo cy’Ubuziranenge cya Amerika (ANSI) n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubumenyi (NSF) ni imiryango yigenga, idaharanira inyungu ikorana n’Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije, abakora n’izindi nzobere kugira ngo bateze imbere amahame meza y’ubuziranenge no kugerageza ibicuruzwa ibihumbi, harimo n’amabwiriza y’amazi.
Nyuma yo gukoresha ingero zo "gupima", zari zanduye cyane kurusha amazi menshi ya robine, ni bwo izo firime zashoboye kuzuza ibisabwa, zirenze cyane igihe zari ziteganijwe cyo kumara.
Laboratwari ebyiri z’ingenzi zitanga icyemezo cyo kuyungurura amazi ni NSF ubwayo n’Ishyirahamwe ry’Ubuziranenge bw’Amazi (WQA). Zombi zemewe byuzuye na ANSI n’Inama y’Ubuziranenge ya Kanada muri Amerika y’Amajyaruguru kandi zishobora gukora ikizamini cy’icyemezo cya ANSI/NSF.
Ariko nyuma y'imyaka myinshi y'impaka z'imbere mu gihugu, ubu twemera imvugo idafite ishingiro yo "gupimwa hakurikijwe ibipimo bya ANSI/NSF" aho kuba icyemezo cyemewe, hakurikijwe amabwiriza make akomeye: Ubwa mbere, isuzuma rikorwa na laboratwari yigenga, ntabwo rikorwa na laboratwari yigenga. Uruganda rukora ibyuma biyungurura; ubwa kabiri, laboratwari ubwayo yemerewe na ANSI cyangwa indi miryango yo mu gihugu cyangwa itari iya leta gukora isuzuma rikomeye hakurikijwe ibipimo byashyizweho; icya gatatu, uruganda rutangaza amakuru yerekeye laboratwari ipima, ibisubizo byayo n'uburyo ikoresha; Uruganda rufite uburambe bwinshi mu gukora ibyuma biyungurura byagaragaye ko bifite umutekano, byizewe kandi bisobanurwa mu buryo buboneye.
Twakomeje kugabanya ibipimo ku bipimo byemewe cyangwa bingana nibura n’ibipimo bibiri by’ingenzi bya ANSI/NSF (Standard 42 na Standard 53) (bitwikiriye chlorine n’ibindi bintu bihumanya ikirere n’ibyuma biremereye nka lisansi, uko bikurikirana) ndetse n’imiti yica udukoko n’ibindi binyabutabire). Amahame mashya ya 401 atwikiriye “ibintu bihumanya ikirere”, nk’imiti, bikunze kuboneka mu mazi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ari nayo mpamvu twita cyane ku bipimo by’amazi.
Twatangiye gushaka amasafuriya azwi cyane afite ubushobozi bwo gupima ibikombe 10 kugeza kuri 11 hamwe n'amasafuriya manini akoresha amazi, cyane cyane ingirakamaro ku ngo zikoresha amazi menshi. (Amasosiyete menshi atanga kandi amasafuriya mato ku badakeneye icyitegererezo cyuzuye.)
Hanyuma twagereranije imiterere y’igishushanyo (harimo imiterere y’aho ukorera n’uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha), uburyo bworoshye bwo gushyiraho no gusimbuza akayunguruzo, umwanya umucunga n’icyuma gitanga amazi bifatira muri firigo, n’ingano y’akayunguruzo ko hejuru ugera ku kayunguruzo ko hasi. (Uko igipimo kiri hejuru, ni ko birushaho kuba byiza, kuko uzabona amazi menshi ayunguruye igihe cyose ukoresha robine.)
Twakoze ibizamini byinshi ku byuma biyungurura byinshi mu 2016, tugereranya ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwacu n’ibyemezo bya ANSI/NSF ndetse n’ibivugwa n’ababikora. Muri laboratwari ye, John Holecek yapimye igipimo buri cyuma cyakuyemo chlorine. Ku mahitamo abiri ya mbere, twagiranye amasezerano yo gupima icyuma gikuraho chlorine ku giti cyacu hakoreshejwe uburyo bwinshi cyane bwo gupima icyuma gihumanya kurusha uko NSF isaba mu masezerano yayo yo kwemeza.
Ikintu cy'ingenzi twakuye mu isuzuma ryacu ni uko icyemezo cya ANSI/NSF cyangwa icyemezo kingana nacyo ari ikimenyetso cyizewe cy'imikorere ya filter. Ibi ntibitangaje bitewe n'imiterere ikomeye y'amahame agenga proof. Kuva icyo gihe, twishingikirije ku cyemezo cya ANSI/NSF cyangwa icyemezo kingana nacyo kugira ngo tumenye imikorere ya filter runaka.
Isuzuma ryacu rikurikiraho ryibanda ku buryo bwo gukoresha ibintu mu buryo bufatika, ndetse n'ibintu bifatika n'intege nke bigaragara gusa iyo utangiye gukoresha ibicuruzwa uko igihe kigenda gihita.
Iyi moderi ifite ibyemezo birenga 30 bya ANSI/NSF—biruta ibyo mu yungurura byose mu bwoko bwayo—kandi yagenewe kumara amezi atandatu hagati y’ibindi bisimbura. Ariko, kimwe n’ibindi biyungurura byose, ishobora kuziba.
Uduce twa Brita Elite (twahoze ari Longlast +) dufite icyemezo cya ANSI/NSF cyo gupima ibintu birenga 30 byanduye (PDF), harimo icyuma cy'ubutare, mercure, microplastics, asbestos, na PFAS ebyiri zisanzwe: aside perfluorooctanoic (PFOA) na aside octane sulfonic (PFOS). Ibi bituma ari cyo cyemezo cyemewe cyane cyo gupima, kandi ni kimwe twasaba abashaka amahoro yo mu mutima.
Byagaragaye ko bikuraho ibindi bintu byinshi bisanzwe. Ibi birimo chlorine (yongerwa mu mazi kugira ngo igabanye bagiteri n'izindi ndwara kandi ikaba ari yo mpamvu nyamukuru ituma amazi yo mu mazi aryoha nabi); tetrachloride ya karuboni, ikintu kiva mu bimera cyangiza umwijima kandi kigenda kiboneka mu mazi; "Ibindi bishya" byavumbuwe, birimo bisphenol A (BPA), DEET (umuti usanzwe wica udukoko) na estrone (ubwoko bwa estrogen).
Nubwo inyinshi mu mashini ziyungurura amazi zikoresha litiro 40 cyangwa amezi abiri, Elite ifite uruziga rwo gusimbuza litiro 120 cyangwa amezi atandatu. Mu by’ukuri, ibi bivuze ko ukeneye gukoresha mashini ebyiri za Elite gusa mu mwaka aho gukoresha esheshatu, bigatuma imyanda igabanuka kandi bikagabanya ikiguzi cyo kongeramo amazi ku kigero cya 50%.
Ku imashini iyungurura amazi, ikora vuba. Mu bizamini byacu, imashini nshya ya Elite yafashe iminota itanu kugeza kuri irindwi gusa kugira ngo yuzure. Imashini zisa twagerageje zigira ingano zigera kuri imwe zitwara igihe kirekire—ubusanzwe iminota 10 cyangwa irenga.
Ariko hari icyo umuntu yakwitondera. Kimwe n’amafiriti hafi ya yose, Elite ishobora kuziba byoroshye, bishobora kugabanya umuvuduko wayo wo kuyungurura cyangwa ndetse bikayibuza kuyungurura burundu, bivuze ko ugomba kuyisimbuza kenshi. Ba nyirayo benshi cyane binubiye iki kibazo, kandi mu igerageza ryacu, Elite yatangiye guhagarara mbere yuko igera kuri litiro 120. Niba ufite ikibazo kizwi cy’amazi ari mu mazi ya robine yawe (akenshi ni ikimenyetso cy’imiyoboro irimo ingese), uburambe bwawe bushobora kuba bumwe.
Kandi ushobora kuba udakeneye uburinzi bwose bw'abahanga. Niba uzi neza ko amazi yawe yo muri robine ari meza (ibi bishobora kumenyekana hakoreshejwe isuzuma ryo mu rugo), turakugira inama yo gukoresha umucukuzi w'amazi wa Brita Standard. Ifite ibyangombwa bitanu gusa bya ANSI/NSF (PDF), birimo chlorine (ariko ntabwo ari lisade, organics, cyangwa imyanda mishya), bitandukanye cyane n'urwego rw'ibyemezo nk'uko Elite ifite. Ariko ni icyuma gihendutse kandi kidafunga cyane gishobora kunoza uburyohe bw'amazi yawe.